Surface hydrophobization of pulp fibers in paper sheets via gas phase reactions.

Hydrophobization of cellulosic materials and particularly paper products is a commonly used procedure to render papers more resistant to water and moisture. Here, we explore the hydrophobization of unsized paper sheets via the gas phase. We employed three different compounds, namely palmitoyl chloride (PCl), trifluoroacetic anhydride/acetic anhydride (TFAA/Ac2O)) and hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) which were vaporized and allowed to react with the paper sheets via the gas phase. All routes yielded hydrophobic papers with static water contact angles far above 90° and indicated the formation of covalent bonds. The PCl and TFAA approach negatively impacted the mechanical and optical properties of the paper leading to a decrease in tensile strength and yellowing of the sheets. The HMDS modified papers did not exhibit any differences regarding relevant paper technological parameters (mechanical properties, optical properties, porosity) compared to the non-modified sheets. XPS studies revealed that the HMDS modified samples have a rather low silicon content, pointing at the formation of submonolayers of trimethylsilyl groups on the fiber surfaces in the paper network. This was further investigated by penetration dynamic analysis using ultrasonication, which revealed that the whole fiber network has been homogeneously modified with the silyl groups and not only the very outer surface as for the PCl and the TFAA modified papers. This procedure yields a possibility to study the influence of hydrophobicity on paper sheets and their network properties without changing structural and mechanical paper parameters.

The effect of viscosity and surface tension on inkjet printed picoliter dots.

In this study, we investigated the effect of liquid viscosity and surface tension for inkjet printing on porous cellulose sheets. We used five model liquids, representing the operational field of an industrial high speed inkjet printer, as specified by Ohnesorge- and Reynolds number. Drops with 30 pl and 120 pl drop size were jetted with a commercial HSI printhead. We printed on four uncoated papers representing the most relevant grades on the market in terms of hydrophobisation and surface treatment. We are presenting a quantitative analysis of viscosity and surface tension on the print outcome, evaluating dot size, liquid penetration (print through) and surface coverage of the printed dots. The most important finding is that for liquids within the jetting window the variation of the liquid viscosity typically has a 2-3 times higher impact on the print outcome than variation of the liquid surface tension. Increased viscosity in all cases reduces dot area, liquid penetration and liquid surface coverage. Surface tension plays a smaller role for liquid spreading and penetration, except for hydrophobised substrates, where both are reduced for higher surface tension. Interestingly, higher surface tension consistently increases liquid surface coverage for all papers and drop sizes. A detailed analysis on the competing effect of dot spreading and liquid penetration is presented, in terms of viscosity, surface tension and surface coverage of the liquid.